Background
Methods
Searching strategy and selection criteria
Data extraction and risk of bias assessment
Data synthesis and analysis
Results
Search results
Study characteristics
General description of the RCTs
General characteristics of the observational studies
First author & Publication year | Country & Study period | Study design | Sample size | Inclusion/exclusion criteria | Induction | Expectant management | Outcomes | Risk of bias c | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Timing b | ||||||||
Alberico et al., 2017 (13) | Italy 2010–2014 | RCT | 425 | GDM women with a singleton, vertex presentation, gestational age at 38–39 weeks were eligible; Patients with previous CS, Bishop score > 7 contraindications to vaginal delivery, or an EFW of > 4000 g were excluded | Dinoprostone | 38 | IOL at 41+ 0 weeks | CS, instrumental vaginal delivery, severe perineal tears, ICU, macrosomia,5-min Apgar score, shoulder dystocia, NICU, perinatal mortality, neonatal acidemia | High |
Kjos et al., 1993 (26) | USA 1987–1991 | RCT | 200 | Women with uncomplicated, insulin-requiring diabetes at ≥ 38 weeks and with good blood glucose control were eligible; Patients with contraindications for a trial of vaginal delivery were excluded | Oxytocin/ prostaglandin | 38 | IOL if EFW ≥ 4200 g or ≥ 42 weeks | CS, LGA, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, perinatal mortality | Unclear |
Singh et al., 2013 (24) | India 2011–2012 | RCT | 52 | Women with GDM well controlled by medical nutritional therapy at 39–40 weeks were eligible; Contradictions to vaginal delivery, suspected EFW > 3.5 kg or < 2.5 kg, multi-gestation, non-cephalic presentation were excluded | Misoprostol/ PGE1 | 39 | IOL ≥ 406/7 weeks | CS, instrumental vaginal delivery, severe perineal tear, ICU NICU, macrosomia, perinatal mortality, 5-min Apgar score, neonatal acidemia | Unclear |
Alberico et al., 2010 (12) | Italy 1996–2006 | Retrospective cohort | 99 | A1 and A2 GDM pregnancies with fetal growth acceleration at 38 weeks were eligible; an EFW ≥ 4 250 g or presence of another indication for elective CS were excluded | PGE2 | 38 | CS if EFW > 4250 g | CS, macrosomia, NICU, shoulder dystocia, 5-min Apgar score, perinatal morality | Low |
Melamed et al., 2016 (14) | Canada 2012–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 8392 | All women with diagnosed GDM who had a singleton hospital birth at ≥ 38 weeks were eligible | NR a | 38–39 | NR a | CS, instrumental vaginal delivery, severe perineal tear, shoulder dystocia, NICU, perinatal mortality, LGA, macrosomia | Low |
Vitner et al., 2019 (30) | Israel 2007–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 2472 | GDM women with a singleton gestation who delivered at term were eligible; women with chronic medical conditions or contraindications for a trial of vaginal delivery were excluded | NR a | 37–40 | IOL ≥ 40 weeks | CS, instrumental vaginal delivery, severe perineal tear, shoulder dystocia, perinatal mortality, LGA, macrosomia, 5-min Apgar score, acidemia, NICU | Low |
Feghali et al., 2016 (27) | USA 2009–2012 | Retrospective cohort | 863 | GDM women with singleton pregnancies, underwent IOL or spontaneous labour at ≥ 37 0/7 were eligible; those with a pre-labour indication for CS were excluded | NR a | 37–39 | NR a | CS | Low |
Lurie et al., 1996 (29) | USA 1983–1994 | Prospective Cohort | 260 | All insulin-requiring gestational diabetes women were eligible; Multi-gestation, breech presentation and complications of preeclampsia were excluded | Balloon catheter/PGE2/oxytocin | 38 | IOL if EFW > 4000 g | Shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, CS, instrumental vaginal delivery, perinatal mortality | High |
Rayburn et al., 2005 (31) | USA 2002–2004 | Retrospective cohort | 280 | GDM women requiring glyburide had a hospital singleton delivery at ≥ 37 weeks were eligible; Those with indications for pre-labour CS were excluded | Oxytocin | 38 | IOL if ≥ 42 weeks or fetal indications | Shoulder dystocia, CS, macrosomia, perinatal mortality, 5-min Apgar score | High |
Sutton et al., 2014 (28) | USA 2002–2007 | Secondary analysis of RCT | 679 | GDM women with cephalic presentation who delivered at term following induced or spontaneous labour were eligible; those had an scheduled CS or previous CS or major fetal anomaly were excluded | NR a | 37–40 | NR a | CS, perinatal mortality | Low |
Conway et al., 1998 (32) | USA 1993–1995 | Prospective cohort | 2564 | Gestational and pregestational diabetic patients with singleton, cephalic presentation deliveries were eligible; Deliveries before 35 weeks or with intrauterine fetal death were excluded | NR a | LGA but EFW < 4250 g | NR a | CS, shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, LGA | High |
Effect of induction on CS
Effect of induction on macrosomia
Outcomes | Study design | N of studies | N of Women | Effect estimate (95% CI) i | I2 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal outcomes | ||||||
CS | All | 11 | 13,617 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 59 | |
RCT | 3 | 674 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.43) | 0 | ||
Observational | 8 | 12,943 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 70 | ||
Instrumental vaginal delivery | All | 5 | 9290 | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0 | |
RCT | 2 | 474 | 0.84 (0.47, 1.50) | 0 | ||
Observational | 3 | 8816 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.19) | 0 | ||
Severe perineal lacerations a | All b | 3 | 8829 |
0.57 (0.38, 0.85)
| 0 | |
RCT | 1 | 273 | 0.13 (0.01, 2.52) | NA | ||
Observational | 2 | 8556 |
0.59 (0.39, 0.88)
| 0 | ||
ICU | All | 1 | 425 | 1.49 (0.25, 8.98) | NA | |
RCT | 1 | 425 | 1.49 (0.25, 8.98) | NA | ||
Neonatal outcomes | ||||||
Macrosomia a | All | 8 | 12,384 |
0.64 (0.55, 0.74)
| 0 | |
RCT | 2 | 625 |
0.49 (0.30, 0.81)
| 0 | ||
Observational | 6 | 11,759 |
0.64 (0.54, 0.77)
| 12 | ||
LGA | All | 4 | 11,320 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | 61 | |
RCT | 1 | 200 |
0.37(0.17, 0.83)
| NA | ||
Observational | 3 | 11,120 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.06) | 42 | ||
Shoulder dystocia c | All d | 7 | 12,232 | 0.80 (0.49, 1.31) | 32 | |
RCT | 2 | 625 | 0.75 (0.04, 15.49) | 62 | ||
Observational | 5 | 11,607 | 0.79 (0.49, 1.30) | 36 | ||
NICU a | All | 4 | 9080 | 1.40 (0.90, 2.19) | 59 | |
RCT | 1 | 425 | 0.99 (0.14, 7.06) | NA | ||
Observational | 3 | 8655 | 1.41 (0.85, 2.32) | 72 | ||
5-min Apgar score < 7 a | All e | 4 | 2943 | 0.61 (0.17, 2.22) | 7 | |
RCT | 1 | 425 | 4.98 (0.24, 104.28) | NA | ||
Observational | 3 | 2518 | 0.40 (0.10, 1.55) | 0 | ||
Neonatal acidemia a | All f | 2 | 2564 | 1.84 (0.38, 8.92) | 14 | |
RCT | 1 | 425 | 7.00 (0.36, 136.35) | NA | ||
Observational | 1 | 2139 | 1.16 (0.24, 5.48) | NA | ||
Perinatal mortality g | All h | 5 | 9195 | 0.64 (0.16, 2.58) | 0 | |
Observational | 5 | 9195 | 0.64 (0.16, 2.58) | 0 |