Introduction
Materials and methods
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Study selection and data extraction
Quality assessment
Sensitivity analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | ||||||
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Author
|
Year
|
Country
|
Patients (n)
a
|
Intervention, TXA
|
Control
|
Uterotonic standard prophylaxis
|
Ali Movafegh [15] | 2011 | Iran | 100 (50/50) | 10 mg/kg TXA in 200 mL of normal saline, IV. 20 min before beginning spinal anesthesia, over 10 min | 200 mL of normal saline, IV. 20 min before beginning spinal anesthesia, over 10 min | 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL of normal saline IV, after delivery of the placenta, over 20 min |
H. Abdel-Aleem [16] | 2013 | Egypt | 740 (373/367) | 1 g/10 mL TXA diluted with 20 mL of 5% glucose, IV. before the operation commenced, over 10 min | No treatment | 5 IU oxytocin IV bolus and 20 IU oxytocin intravenous infusion |
Mehmet B. Sentu ̈rk [17] | 2013 | Turkey | 223 (101/122) | 1 g of TXA diluted with 20 mL of 5% glucose, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 5 min | 20 mL of 5% glucose, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 5 min | 20 IU oxytocin IV in bolus form after removal of placenta |
Anuradha Ghosh [18] | 2014 | India | 140 (70/70) | 1 g/10 mL TXA, IV. before skin incision | 10 mL of sterile water, IV. before skin incision | 20 IU oxytocin during the first 8 h post operatively |
Haitham Torky [19] | 2021 | Egypt | 120 (60/60) | 1 g/10 mL TXA, IV. 20 min before the procedure | 10 mL normal saline, IV. 20 min before the procedure | 10 IU oxytocin IM + 10 IU oxytocin IV, immediately after delivery |
Abd El-Naser Abd El-Gaber [20] | 2019 | Egypt | 500 (250/250) | 1 g of TXA, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 2 min | normal saline, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 2 min | 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL of normal saline IV, after the delivery of baby, over 15 min |
Forozan Milani [21] | 2019 | Iran | 60 (30/30) | 1 g of TXA diluted in 20 mL of 5% distilled water, IV. 15 min before skin incision. 15 min before skin incision | 10 mL distilled water diluted in 20 mL of 5% distilled water, IV. 15 min before skin incision | 30 IU oxytocin in 1L ringer lactate IV, after the delivery |
Zahra Naeiji [22] | 2021 | Iran | 200 (100/100) | 1 g/10 mL (body weight < 90 kg) or 1.5 g/15 mL (body weight > 90 kg) diluted in 15 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. just before skin incision | 5 mL of distilled water in 15 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. just before skin incision | 20 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline, IV, 8 mU/min, after delivery |
Amr H. Yehia [23] | 2014 | Egypt | 212 (106/106) | 1 g/10 mL TXA, IV. with induction of anesthesia, over 2 min | No treatment | 10 IU oxytocin, IV. after delivery of the baby |
Cohort Studies
| ||||||
Upasana Goswami [24] | 2013 | India | 60 (30/30) | 10 mg/kg TXA in 20 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. 20 min before skin incision | 5 mL of distilled water in 20 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. 20 min before skin incision | 20 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline, IV, 8 mU/min, after delivery of the neonate |
Ming-ying Gai [25] | 2004 | China | 180 (91/89) | 1 g/10 mL TXA diluted with 20 mL of 5% glucose, IV. 10 min before incision, over 5 min | No treatment | 10 IU oxytocin IV + 20 IU oxytocin into the intra-uterine wall after delivery of the neonate |
Tullika Singh [26] | 2014 | India | 200 (100/100) | 1 g of TXA, slowly IV. 20 min before skin incision, over 5 min | No treatment | 20 IU oxytocin in 500 mL of ringer lactate, after delivery of baby |
A. V. Chandak [27] | 2017 | India | 100 (50/50) | 1 g of TXA, slowly IV. 20 min before skin incision, over 5 min | No treatment | 20 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline, IV, 8 mU/min, after delivery of the neonate |
Leila Sekhavat[28] | 2009 | Iran | 90 (45/45) | 1 g/10 mL TXA, IV. 10 min before incision, over 5 min | 10 mL of 5% glucose, slowly IV. 10 min before incision, over 5 min | 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL dextrose normal saline, over 30 min, after delivery |
Irene Ray [29] | 2016 | India | 100 (50/50) | 1 g/10 mL TXA in 20 mL of 5% dextrose solution, IV. 20 min before beginning of spinal anesthesia | 30 mL of 5% dextrose solution, IV. 20 min before beginning of spinal anesthesia | 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL of normal saline IV, over 20–30 min, after delivery |
S.J. Dhivya Lakshmi [30] | 2016 | India | 120 (60/60) | 1 g/10 mL TXA in 100 mL of normal saline, IV. at least 20 min before skin incision, over 15 min | No treatment | 10 IU oxytocin added to ringer lactate, 75 to 100 mL/h for 3 h after surgery |
Khing Rushulo [31] | 2016 | India | 60 (30/30) | 10 mg/kg of TXA, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 5 min | 10 mL normal saline, IV. 10 min before skin incision, over 5 min | 10 IU oxytocin IM + 20 IU oxytocin in a pint of ringer’s lactate for 2 h IV, after delivery of neonate |
P. Malathi [32] | 2016 | India | 200 (100/100) | 10 mg/kg of TXA, IV. 15–20 min before spinal anesthesia | No treatment | 10 IU oxytocin IM + 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL lactated Ringer solution IV, after cord clamping, over 30 min |
Samir Abd Allah Ali [33] | 2019 | Egypt | 200 (100/100) | 1 g of TXA in 200 mL normal saline, IV. 20 min before skin incision | No treatment | 5 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline IV, after delivery of the neonate, over 30 min |
Ayman A. Soliman [34] | 2021 | Egypt | 100 (50/50) | 1 g/10 mL TXA, IV. 20 min before skin incision. over 10 min | No treatment | 20 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline, IV. after delivery of fetus, over 20–30 min |
Noshina Shabir [35] | 2019 | Pakistan | 100 (50/50) | 1 g/10 mL TXA in 20 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. 20 min before spinal anesthesia | 30 mL of 5% dextrose, IV. 20 min before spinal anesthesia | 10 IU oxytocin in 500 mL normal saline, IV. after delivery, over 20–30 min |
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | ||
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Study
|
Blood loss collection
|
Blood loss calculation
|
Ali Movafegh [15] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, gauze pads and operation sheets | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.05 + (the volume included in the suction container after placental delivery) |
H. Abdel-Aleem [16] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, towels during operation, and through plastic drape after operation | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of wet towels -weight of towels prior to used) × 0.9 + (the volume included in the suction container after placental delivery). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used drapes—weight of drapes prior to used) × 0.9 |
Mehmet B. Sentu ̈rk [17] | Blood loss was collected through operation pads and tampons (with 1 g sensitive scale) | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.05 |
Anuradha Ghosh [18] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, operation sheets, gauze pieces and mops (1 g is equivalent to 1 mL) | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
Haitham Torky [19] | Blood loss was collected through towels | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used |
Abd El-Naser Abd El-Gaber [20] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, towels, and pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used towels—weight of towels prior to used) + (the volume sucked in the suction bottle after placental delivery). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
Forozan Milani [21] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, gauzes, sterile drapes, and pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
Zahra Naeiji [22] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, drapes, mops, sponges, pads, and operation table perineal sheet | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume sucked in the suction bottle after placental delivery). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
Amr H. Yehia [23] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, towels, and pads. Soaked towel = 150 mL. while semi-soaked towel = 75 mL. soaked pads = 50 mL | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used |
Cohort Studies
| ||
Upasana Goswami [24] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, and soaked material such as sponges, mops, pads, and drapes were weighed | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of the abdominal swabs and drapes—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume in the suction bottle after placental delivery) |
Ming-ying Gai [25] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, and soaked gauze, pads and a specially designed operation table sheet were weighed | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials + unused materials—weight of all materials prior to surgery)/1.05 + (the volume included in the suction container after placental delivery) |
Tullika Singh [26] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, sponges, and pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
A. V. Chandak [27] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
Leila Sekhavat [28] | Blood loss was measured by weighting-soaked sheet, via a specially designed operating sheet and an electronic scale to weigh all the material (with a 1 g deviation range) | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials–weight of materials prior to surgery)/1.05. The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used sheets—weight of sheets prior to used |
Irene Ray [29] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, sheets, mops, and pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.05 + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
S.J. Dhivya Lakshmi [30] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, operation table perineal sheet and mops | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume of blood in suction container after delivery of placental) |
Khing Rushulo [31] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to surgery) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used |
P. Malathi [32] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, mops, surgical swabs, and linen | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used) + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle) |
Samir Abd Allah Ali [33] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, towels, and pads | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used towels—weight of towels prior to surgery) × 0.962 + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used pads—weight of pads prior to used) × 0.962 |
Ayman A. Soliman [34] | Blood loss was collected through sheets, pads, and gauzes | The quantity of blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.06 |
Noshina Shabir [35] | Blood loss was collected through a suction container, operation sheets and mops | The quantity of intra-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.05 + (the volume of blood sucked in suction bottle). The quantity of post-operative blood loss (mL) = (weight of used materials—weight of materials prior to used)/1.05 |
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Study
| Age (years)a | Gestational age (weeks)a | BMI (kg/m2)a | Birth weight (g)a |
Ali Movafegh [15] | 27.0 ± 3.4/27.6 ± 4.1 | 38.9 ± 0.4/39.0 ± 0.6 | ||
H. Abdel-Aleem [16] | 26.34 ± 5.16/26.62 ± 5.05 | 39.32 ± 1.15/39.31 ± 1.17 | 3188.47 ± 458.20/3199.18 ± 444.54 | |
Mehmet B. Sentu ̈rk [17] | 30.20 ± 6.83/29.22 ± 6.93 | |||
Anuradha Ghosh [18] | 25.94 ± 3.78/26.04 ± 3.39 | 38.62 ± 0.779/38.72 ± 0.671 | ||
Haitham Torky [19] | 30.7 ± 4.66/30.8 ± 4.37 | 26.87 ± 6.19/27.17 ± 5.83 | ||
Abd El-Naser Abd El-Gaber [20] | 27.14 ± 4.986/26.77 ± 4.942 | 38.32 ± 1.124/38.24 ± 1.518 | 32.88 ± 2.76/33.59 ± 3.22 | |
Forozan Milani [21] | 29.33 ± 5.59/31.2 ± 5.53 | 37.93 ± 0.69/37.86 ± 0.81 | ||
Zahra Naeiji [22] | 27.16 ± 4.64/27.89 ± 4.44 | 38.70 ± 2.66/38.50 ± 2.83 | 29.34 ± 2.11/28.58 ± 2.79 | 3207.40 ± 459.70/3218.30 ± 423.79 |
Amr H. Yehia [23] | 28.4 ± 4.9/28.6 ± 4.7 | 39.1 ± 1.1/39.0 ± 1.2 | 27.2 ± 1.6/27.5 ± 2.0 | |
Cohort Studies
| ||||
Upasana Goswami [24] | 23.6 ± 2.5/24.3 ± 2.6 | 22.4 ± 1.6/22.8 ± 1.6 | ||
Ming-ying Gai [25] | 29.71 ± 4.18/29.75 ± 4.01 | 38.80 ± 1.11/38.67 ± 1.03 | ||
Tullika Singh [26] | 25 ± 1.46/30 ± 1.24 | 39.1 ± 1.24/39.3 ± 1.28 | ||
A. V. Chandak [27] | 24.3 ± 2.6/23.6 ± 2.5 | |||
Leila Sekhavat [28] | 26.2 ± 4.7/27.1 ± 4.1 | |||
Irene Ray [29] | 25.00 ± 4.71/25.88 ± 5.39 | 38.92 ± 1.38/39.02 ± 1.42 | ||
S.J. Dhivya Lakshmi [30] | 26.77 ± 2.807/26.82 ± 2.801 | 29.38 ± 1.2/29.12 ± 2.3 | ||
Khing Rushulo [31] | 26.6 ± 5.0/28.8 ± 4.7 | |||
P. Malathi [32] | 23.40 ± 3.06/23.59 ± 3.56 | |||
Samir Abd Allah Ali [33] | 27.81 ± 5.07/28.32 ± 4.65 | 38.19 ± 0.7/38.22 ± 1.1 | 29.24 ± 3/29.55 ± 3.08 | |
Ayman A. Soliman [34] | 21.46 ± 2.71/21.46 ± 2.71 | 39.34 ± 0.47/39.28 ± 0.45 | 29.01 ± 2.23/28.22 ± 2.06 | |
Noshina Shabir [35] | 26.01 ± 4.69/26.79 ± 5.39 | 37.95 ± 1.41/38.97 ± 1.44 |
Risk of bias
Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Quality score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on the bias of the design or analysisa | Assessment of outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | ||
Upasana Goswami [24] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Ming-ying Gai [25] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 8 |
Tullika Singh [26] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
A. V. Chandak [27] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Leila Sekhavat [28] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 8 |
Irene Ray [29] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 6 | ||
S.J. Dhivya Lakshmi [30] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Khing Rushulo [31] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 6 | ||
P. Malathi [32] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Samir Abd Allah Ali [33] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Ayman A. Soliman [34] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 | |
Noshina Shabir [35] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 |
Primary outcomes
Blood loss during cesarean section
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | ||||||||||
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Study
| Blood Loss (mL)a |
Blood Loss (mL)b | Blood Loss (mL)c |
Blood Transfusion (n)
|
Hemoglobin Change (g/dL)
| |||||
TXA
|
Control
|
TXA
|
Control
|
TXA
|
Control
|
TXA
|
Control
|
TXA
|
Control
| |
Ali Movafegh[15] | 262.5 ± 39.6 | 404.7 ± 94.4 | 67.1 ± 6.5 | 141.0 ± 33.9 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | ||||
H. Abdel-Aleem[16] | 241.61 ± 126.02 | 510.70 ± 144.52 | 0.48 ± 0.87 | 1.42 ± 1.16 | ||||||
Mehmet B. Sentu ̈rk | 1.11 ± 0.62 | 1.27 ± 0.66 | ||||||||
Anuradha Ghosh | 367.8 ± 36.77 | 627.8 ± 95.15 | 48.06 ± 8.202 | 76.02 ± 6.209 | 1.16 ± 0.316 | 1.83 ± 0.372 | ||||
Haitham Torky | 591.55 ± 162.08 | 678.37 ± 171.49 | 3/60 | 9/60 | ||||||
Abd El-Naser Abd El-Gaber | 387.68 ± 93.05 | 560.79 ± 107.46 | 159.16 ± 50.95* | 232.68 ± 65.18* | 546.84 ± 106.13# | 793.99 ± 141.21# | 0.475 ± 0.23 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | ||
Forozan Milani | 509.5 ± 208.7 | 649.9 ± 234.1 | 42.3 ± 21.75 | 63.2 ± 48.84 | 551.8 ± 207.8 | 713.1 ± 233.1 | ||||
Zahra Naeiji | 391.1 ± 67.4 | 523.8 ± 153.4 | 56.0 ± 21.9* | 61.6 ± 30.6* | 5/100 | 13/100 | ||||
Amr H. Yehia | 369.5 ± 198 | 606.8 ± 193 | 85.0 ± 30.7* | 130.8 ± 49.3* | 454.5 ± 201# | 737.6 ± 217# | ||||
Cohort Studies
| ||||||||||
Upasana Goswami[24] | 376.83 ± 31.961 | 527.17 ± 88.666 | ||||||||
Ming-ying Gai[25] | 322.26 ± 148.15 | 358.34 ± 148.07 | 42.75 ± 40.45 | 74.25 ± 77.06 | 359.29 ± 152.02 | 439.36 ± 191.48 | ||||
Tullika Singh | 202.25 ± 29.244 | 392.20 ± 24.314 | 66.80 ± 11.852 | 112.25 ± 18.523 | 270.05 ± 30.883 | 510.45 ± 30.342 | ||||
A. V. Chandak | 308.8 ± 43.6 | 349.18 ± 42.17 | 79.0 ± 14.18 | 128.57 ± 23.72 | ||||||
Leila Sekhavat | 28.0 ± 5.5 | 37.1 ± 9.0 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | ||||||
Irene Ray | 499.75 ± 111.20 | 690.85 ± 198.41 | 59.93 ± 12.5 | 110.06 ± 13.47 | 559.68 ± 113.80 | 800.91 ± 200.26 | 0.26 ± 0.22 | 0.99 ± 0.48 | ||
S.J. Dhivya Lakshmi | 347.17 ± 108.6 | 517.72 ± 150 | ||||||||
Khing Rushulo | 339.0 ± 18.4 | 377 ± 24.0 | 48.7 ± 9.1 | 58.4. ± 9.7 | 388.0 ± 22.8 | 432.4 ± 30.8 | 0.52 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | ||
P. Malathi | 375 ± 69 | 410 ± 79.9 | 52 ± 30 | 131 ± 42 | 1.34 ± 0.15 | 1.44 ± 0.88 | ||||
Samir Abd Allah Ali | 386.55 ± 104.98 | 507.76 ± 152.14 | 114.73 ± 53.82 | 139.67 ± 73.35 | 501.28 ± 119.2 | 647.43 ± 178.77 | 0/100 | 1/100 | 0.73 ± 0.58 | 1.35 ± 0.56 |
Ayman A. Soliman | 286.82 ± 47.42 | 406.74 ± 60.56 | 143.46 ± 23.61 | 203.36 ± 30.30 | 430.28 ± 71.03 | 610.10 ± 90.87 | ||||
Noshina Shabir | 500.62 ± 111.20 | 696.85 ± 196.32 | 60.96 ± 13.4 | 112.02 ± 13.46 | 561.64 ± 113.79 | 801.71 ± 200.12 |