Background
Methods
Study design
Participants and setting
Dietary intervention
Anthropometric measurements
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Characteristics | PCOS (n = 105) | Controls (n = 111) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 28.50 ± 4.30 | 29.50 ± 5.20 | 0.100 |
Education, n (%) | |||
High school Diploma and higher | 29 (27.6%) 76 (72.4%) | 27 (24.3%) 84 (75.5%) | 0.300 |
Employment | |||
Employed Unemployed | 39(37.1%) 66 (62.9%) | 46 (41.4%) 65 (58.6%) | 0.500 |
Marital status | |||
Single Married | 34 (32.4%) 71 (67.6%) | 25 (22.5%) 86 (77.5%) | 0.070 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.04 ± 3.62 | 30.70 ± 3.45 | 0.400 |
BMI category, n (%) | |||
Overweight | 47 (44.8%) | 50 (45%) | |
Obese | 58 (55.2%) | 61 (55%) | 0.200 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100 ± 10.42 | 93.42 ± 13.70 | 0.001 |
Waist-to-hip ratio (cm) | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.001 |
Weight loss, n (%) | |||
0-4.99% | 33 (31.4%) | 30 (27%) | |
5-9.9% 10%. | 62 (59%) 10 (9.5%) | 55 (49.5%) 26 (23.4%) | 0.020 |
Weight loss (kg) | − 5.10 ± 2.70 | -5.79 ± 3.36 | 0.090 |
Weight loss% (kg) | - 6.29 ± 3.32 | − 7 ± 3.62 | 0.100 |
Variables | Baseline | p-value (Baseline) | 24 weeks | Δ 24–0 weeks | Within group p-value | Between group p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (Kcal) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 2318.3 ± 374.2 2279 ± 280 | 0.500 | 1442.5 ± 101.6 1453.4 ± 108 | -875.8 ± 394.3 -825.5 ± 295.4 | < 0.001 | 0.400 |
Carbohydrate (%) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 54.8 ± 12.4 56.3 ± 4.7 | 0.400 | 49.9 ± 6 50.6 ± 5 | -4.8 ± 13.8 -5.6 ± 7 | < 0.001 | 0.400 |
Carbohydrate (gram/day) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 310.4 ± 56.8 320.9 ± 48.6 | 0.100 | 180.6 ± 28.9 184.6 ± 26.7 | -129.7 ± 64 -136.2 ± 56.8 | < 0.001 | 0.500 |
Protein (%) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 10.1 ± 2 10.2 ± 1.5 | 0.500 | 19.9 ± 4.1 20 ± 4.3 | 9.7 ± 4.1 9.8 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 | 0.700 |
Protein(gram/day) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls(n = 111) | 57.9 ± 11.4 58.3 ± 9.5 | 0.700 | 71.6 ± 13.9 72.8 ± 15.4 | 13.7 ± 17.3 14.4 ± 17.3 | < 0.001 | 0.500 |
Fat (%) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 35 ± 13.4 33.3 ± 4.9 | 0.200 | 30.1 ± 3.2 29.2 ± 3.4 | -4.9 ± 13.7 -4.1 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 | 0.400 |
Fat (gram/day) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 93.8 ± 45.8 84.6 ± 17.5 | 0.060 | 48.1 ± 4.4 47 ± 5 | -45.7 ± 40.9 -37.6 ± 17.5 | < 0.001 | 0.400 |
GI | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 59.9 ± 5.7 59.2 ± 7.1 | 0.100 | 42.6 ± 11.3 44.2 ± 9.4 | -17.2 ± 12.5 -14.9 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 0.100 |
GL | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls(n = 111) | 147.9 ± 15.6 153.7 ± 33.1 | 0.200 | 66 ± 23.6 69.7 ± 20.4 | -81.9 ± 28.8 -83.9 ± 37.3 | < 0.001 | 0.600 |
Physical activity (Met- minute_week) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 456.4 ± 112.6 438.9 ± 115 | 0.300 | 441.3 ± 123.6 443.7 ± 105.3 | -15 ± 159.4 4.7 ± 141 | 0.300 | 0.200 |
Variables | Baseline | P value (Baseline) | 24 weeks | Δ 24–0 weeks Percentage change mean (SD) | Within group p-value | Between group p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 62.80(24.50) 71.70 (20.40) | 0.010 | 69.10(18.90) 83.10 (13.50) | 18.98(33.40) 22.92(30.60) | 0.001 0.001 | 0.300 |
RP | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 66.40 (24.70) 71.50 (13.90) | 0.900 | 69.10 (20.90) 79.20 (10.70) | 11.49(26.90) 13.70(18.40) | 0.001 0.001 | 0.400 |
BP | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) | 67.79 (27.60) | 0.700 | 69.28(23.90) | 7.59(22.40) | 0.400 | |
Controls (n = 111) | 71.79 (17.10) | 75.94(13.60) | 8.59(14.80) | 0.001 | 0.600 | |
GH | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 66.06 (18) 77.86(14.90) | 0.001 | 71.78(14.40) 85.76(8.20) | 12.45(20.60) 13.68(21.10) | 0.001 0.001 | 0.600 |
RE | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls(n = 111) | 54.14 (22.50) 68.66 (29.70) | 0.001 | 53.54(21.50) 68 (27.60) | 1.39(17.30) 1.75(13) | 0.300 0.300 | 0.600 |
VT | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 48.72 (22.50) 69.92 (15.20) | 0.001 | 51.25(21) 76.99(12.10) | 10.63(19.20) 12.23(13.60) | 0.001 0.001 | 0.400 |
MH | ||||||
PCOS(n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 46.33(22.60) 72.96 (15.70) | 0.001 | 46.59(20.80) 71.57(11.50) | 4 (17.10) 0.33(14.20) | 0.400 0.100 | 0.080 |
SF | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) | 69.59 (27.80) | 0.200 | 68.97(24.80) | 2.10(25.60) | 0.400 | |
Controls (n = 111) | 75.56 (17.70) | 72.71(14.10) | − .37(22.40) | 0.070 | 0.400 | |
PCS | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 65.80 (14.70) 73.24(12.30) | 0.001 | 69.83(12.30) 81(6.90) | 7.79(12.20) 12.63(13.40) | 0.001 0.001 | 0.006 |
MCS | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 54.70 (17) 71.77 (13.70) | 0.001 | 55 (15.50) 72.33(11.30) | 2.23(9.40) 2.06(10.10) | 0.300 0.200 | 0.300 |
Dietary intake and physical activity
Weight loss
Variables | Baseline | P value (Baseline) | 24 weeks | Δ 24–0 weeks | Within group p-value | Between group p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 81.10 ± 11.70 79.80 ± 11.70 | 0.400 | 76 ± 11.40 74 ± 9.20 | -5.09 ± 2.70 -5.79 ± 3.36 | 0.001 0.001 | 0.090 |
Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 100 ± 10.40 93.40 ± 13.70 | 0.001 | 92.40 ± 10.80 85.60 ± 10.60 | -7.65 ± 5.50 -7.79 ± 6.54 | 0.001 0.001 | 0.800 |
Waist-to-hip ratio (cm) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 0.89 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.87 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.06 | -0.02 ± 0.04 -0.009 ± 0.04 | 0.001 0.030 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
PCOS (n = 105) Controls (n = 111) | 31.04 ± 3.62 30.07 ± 3.45 | 0.400 | 29.09 ± 3.58 28.40 ± 2.80 | -1.95 ± 1 -2.21 ± 1.25 | 0.001 0.001 | 0.090 |
HRQOL changes
Variable | PCOS(n = 105) Baseline mean (SD) | PCOS(n = 105) 24 weeks mean (SD) | Controls (n = 111) Baseline mean (SD) | Controls (n = 111) 24 weeks mean (SD) | Percentage change of HRQOL mean (SD) in cases at 24 weeks | Percentage change of HRQOL mean (SD) in controls at 24 weeks | Between groups p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 64.62 (24) 61.15 (24.70) 67.50 (26.40) | 63.20(19.30) 70.10(18.20) 82(14.90) | 81(13.20) 74(21.10) 56.15(17.40) | 85.50(14.10) 87.80(10.50) 70.60(11.20) | 3.73(30.60) a, b, c 24.99(32.70) 32.09(32.30) | 5.80(8.70) a, b, c 26.90(32.60) 34.23(34.80) | 0.10 0.90 0.90 |
RP | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 70.60(24.90) 63.33(25.80) 72.50(11.80) | 69(20.70) 66.50(21.10) 85.50(12.10) | 75.16(9) 73(14) 64.23(16.20) | 77.40(7.30) 82.80(10.70) 73.80(11.40) | 4.43 (27.70) a, b, c 14.10(27.90) 18.50 (8) | 4.10(12.30) a, b, c 16.10(17.60) 19.58(22) | 0.90 0.60 0.80 |
BP | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 70.48(28.80) 65.95(29.20) 70.25(7.60) | 68.30(25.50) 67.90(24.50) 81(8) | 81.25(15.69) 66.44(18.60) 72.21(9.20) | 79.60(13.80) 71.10(14.20) 81.70(7.20) | 0.47(15.50) a, c 10 (25.90) 15.70 (9) | -1(8.20) a, b, c 11.26(16.80) 14.10(10.70) | 0.50 0.70 0.60 |
GH | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 65.93(16.40) 67.91(18.30) 55(18.40) | 63.70(14.30) 76.80(11.50) 66.50(18.40) | 84.86(15.20) 76.96(14.50) 71.69(12.70) | 80.60(9.90) 88.10(7) 86.50(5.40) | -1.64(13.40) a, b, c 18.34 (21.30) 22.50 (9.90) | -2.74(15.70) a, b, c 17.77(19.10) 23.96(20.30) | 0.70 0.80 0.70 |
RE | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 54.27(26.10) 53.47(20.5) 57.90(24.3) | 52.80(24.40) 53.70(19.80) 54.20(23.30) | 68.99(28.50) 68.36(29.70) 68.90(32) | 67.60(25.60) 68.90(27.70) 66.70(30.40) | -0.35 (12.10) 3.24 (19.60) -4.28 (15.90) | -0.33(12.50) 3.60(12.60) -0.69(14) | 0.80 0.50 0.50 |
VT | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 49(21.60) 47.25(22.50) 56.83(26.30) | 49.10(19.90) 50.50(20.90) 62.80(24.10) | 77.16(17.60) 69(14.10) 63.30 (10.60) | 78.80(17.10) 76.50(10) 75.76(9.50) | 3.43(12.20) a, b, c 12.46(17.20) 23(36.70) | 2.67(4.70) a, b, c 13.31(14.90) b, c 20.94(10.70) | 0.06 0.70 0.70 |
MH | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 40.93(22.20) 46 (22.40) 65.60(15.30) | 39.20(17.50) 46(19.80) 74.50(14.40) | 80.36(11.10) 70.58(17.30) 69.46(14.50) | 77.40(9.40) 68.50(12.30) 74.60(10.90) | 1(16.90) 3.86(17.20) 15(14.40) | -7(6.30) a, c -0.04(15.60) b, c 9.61(12.60) | 0.02 0.20 0.20 |
SF | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 73.71(19.60) 66.73(31.30) 73.75(27.90) | 73.10(18) 65.70(27.90) 75(22.30) | 87.41(12.70) 71.36(18) 70.76(16.20) | 80.50(11.50) 66.10(13.50) 77.50(11.20) | 0.44(11.80) -0.12(14.40) 20.46 (71.40) | -6.79(13.50) a, c -4.20(19.30) b, c 15.15(29.20) | 0.02 0.20 0.70 |
PCS | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 67.91(10.90) 64.59(14.40) 66.31(13) | 66.10(14) 70.30(10.90) 78.70(9.90) | 80.57(10.20) 72.63(12.50) 66 (9.30) | 80.80(7.50) 82.40(7.10) 78.20(4.80) | -1.90 (6.60) a, b, c 10.93(11.20) b, c 20.39(11) | 0.95(6.40) a, b, c 15.58(12.80) 19.87(12.20) | 0.10 0.08 0.80 |
MCS | |||||||
0.1–4.9% loss 5%-9.9% loss 10–15% loss | 54.48(15.90) 53.39(18) 63.52(11.80) | 53.60(14.10) 54 (16.30) 66.60(10.20) | 78.48(10.90) 69.84(14.20) 68.11(13.10) | 77.28(10.60) 72.21(11.10) 75.50(10) | − .056 (7.20) 3.14 (10.60) 5.82(7.37) | -4 (4.80) a, b, c 1.70(9.40) b, c 9.70(11.10) | 0.02 0.40 0.30 |