Introduction
Methods
Study design and sample
Measures
Primary outcomes
Child disability
Explanatory variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Variable | Without disability, n = 1,574,328 | Mild disability, n = 6,343 | Complex disability, n = 14,229 |
---|---|---|---|
Musculoskeletal disorders (n (%)) | 50,283 (3.2%) | 329 (5.2%) | 736 (5.2%) |
Depression (n (%)) | 23,672 (1.5%) | 139 (2.2%) | 339 (2.4%) |
Anxiety (n (%)) | 21,234 (1.3%) | 119 (1.9%) | 280 (2.0%) |
Migraine (n (%)) | 7,561 (0.5%) | 52 (0.8%) | 123 (0.9%) |
Sleeping disorder (n (%)) | 3,161 (0.2%) | 34 (0.5%) | 60 (0.4%) |
Have had diagnosis prior to birth | |||
None (n (%)) | 1,428,802 (91%) | 5,573 (88%) | 12,866 (90%) |
Yes, at least one (n (%)) | 145,526 (9.2%) | 770 (12%) | 1,363 (9.6%) |
Year of education, mother, mean (SD) | 16.0 (4.08) | 15.3 (4.29) | 15.4 (4.19) |
Household income quintile | |||
Lowest (n (%)) | 293,595 (19%) | 1,154 (18%) | 2,36 (17%) |
Second (n (%)) | 266,492 (17%) | 1,289 (20%) | 2,617 (18%) |
Third (n (%)) | 292,679 (19%) | 1,364 (22%) | 2,879 (20%) |
Fourth (n (%)) | 318,568 (20%) | 1,343 (21%) | 3,306 (23%) |
Highest (n (%)) | 310,451 (20%) | 1,147 (18%) | 2,930 (21%) |
Number of children | |||
Single child (n (%)) | 297,200 (19%) | 1,144 (18%) | 3,182 (22%) |
Two children (n (%)) | 831,425 (53%) | 3,192 (50%) | 6,699 (47%) |
Three or more children (n (%)) | 445,703 (28%) | 2,007 (32%) | 4,348 (31%) |
Employment status | |||
Unemployed (n (%)) | 297,664 (19%) | 1,474 (23%) | 3,751 (26%) |
Employed (n (%)) | 1,017,859 (65%) | 4,071 (64%) | 8,590 (60%) |
Marital status | |||
Married/partner (n (%)) | 1,411,309 (90%) | 6,004 (95%) | 13,111 (92%) |
Divorced/Separated (n (%)) | 56,223 (3.6%) | 300 (4.7%) | 995 (7.0%) |
Region of birth | |||
Norway (n (%)) | 1,087,549 (69%) | 4,639 (73%) | 9,906 (70%) |
Europe, North America, Australia (n (%)) | 210,763 (13%) | 564 (8.9%) | 1,354 (9.5%) |
Africa, Asia, Latin America (n (%)) | 276,003 (18%) | 1,140 (18%) | 2,969 (21%) |
Age at birth, mean (SD) | 29.30 (5.16) | 29.01 (5.44) | 29.12 (5.60) |
Child age, mean (SD) | 3.78 (2.70) | 4.67 (2.54) | 5.90 (2.37) |
Child sex | |||
Boys (n (%)) | 807,617 (51%) | 3,939 (62%) | 9,162 (64%) |
Girls (n (%)) | 766,711 (49%) | 2,404 (38%) | 5,067 (36%) |
Maternal health
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Musculoskeletal disorders | Musculoskeletal disorders adjusted | Depression | Depression adjusted | Anxiety | Anxiety adjusted | Sleeping disorder | Sleeping disorder adjusted | Migraine | Migraine adjusted | |
Child disability, no disability (ref.) | ||||||||||
Mild disability | 1.658*** | 1.298*** | 1.468*** | 1.170 | 1.398*** | 1.198 | 2.679*** | 1.970*** | 1.713*** | 1.312 |
[1.483,1.853] | [1.157,1.455] | [1.240,1.737] | [0.986,1.388] | [1.166,1.677] | [0.997,1.438] | [1.909,3.759] | [1.402,2.768] | [1.303,2.252] | [0.992,1.736] | |
Complex disability | 1.653*** | 1.187*** | 1.599*** | 1.252*** | 1.468*** | 1.307*** | 2.105*** | 1.273 | 1.807*** | 1.179 |
[1.534,1.782] | [1.099,1.282] | [1.434,1.782] | [1.121,1.398] | [1.303,1.654] | [1.156,1.477] | [1.629,2.719] | [0.984,1.648] | [1.511,2.161] | [0.977,1.423] | |
Have had diagnosis prior to birth: no (ref.) | ||||||||||
Yes, at least one | 3.180*** | 3.278*** | 2.629*** | 2.439*** | 2.941*** | |||||
[3.111,3.250] | [3.181,3.378] | [2.545,2.716] | [2.234,2.664] | [2.783,3.107] | ||||||
Year of education, mother | 0.962*** | 0.990*** | 0.968*** | 0.966*** | 0.991** | |||||
[0.959,0.964] | [0.986,0.993] | [0.964,0.972] | [0.956,0.975] | [0.985,0.998] | ||||||
Household income lowest quintile (ref.) | ||||||||||
Second | 1.255*** | 1.006 | 1.034 | 0.992 | 1.193*** | |||||
[1.216,1.295] | [0.966,1.047] | [0.990,1.080] | [0.882,1.116] | [1.100,1.294] | ||||||
Third | 1.261*** | 0.877*** | 0.975 | 0.996 | 1.236*** | |||||
[1.222,1.302] | [0.841,0.915] | [0.932,1.020] | [0.885,1.121] | [1.139,1.342] | ||||||
Fourth | 1.192*** | 0.759*** | 0.901*** | 0.891 | 1.315*** | |||||
[1.153,1.232] | [0.725,0.793] | [0.859,0.945] | [0.788,1.007] | [1.210,1.429] | ||||||
Highest | 1.038* | 0.617*** | 0.802*** | 0.678*** | 1.261*** | |||||
[1.003,1.075] | [0.588,0.649] | [0.762,0.845] | [0.594,0.773] | [1.156,1.377] | ||||||
Number of children, Single child (ref.) | ||||||||||
Two children | 0.879*** | 0.712*** | 0.924*** | 0.698*** | 0.882*** | |||||
[0.857,0.901] | [0.689,0.737] | [0.889,0.959] | [0.639,0.763] | [0.827,0.940] | ||||||
Three or more children | 0.820*** | 0.631*** | 0.840*** | 0.537*** | 0.804*** | |||||
[0.798,0.843] | [0.607,0.655] | [0.806,0.876] | [0.484,0.595] | [0.749,0.863] | ||||||
Employment status, non-employed (ref.) | ||||||||||
Employed | 0.824*** | 0.651*** | 0.590*** | 0.733*** | 0.792*** | |||||
[0.805,0.844] | [0.630,0.672] | [0.570,0.610] | [0.671,0.802] | [0.746,0.841] | ||||||
Marital status, Married/partner (ref.) | ||||||||||
Divorced/Separated | 1.119*** | 1.664*** | 1.056 | 1.098 | 1.115 | |||||
[1.073,1.167] | [1.577,1.755] | [0.982,1.136] | [0.947,1.274] | [0.999,1.245] | ||||||
Region of birth, Norway (ref.) | ||||||||||
Europe, North America, Australia | 0.758*** | 0.677*** | 0.548*** | 0.677*** | 0.657*** | |||||
[0.731,0.785] | [0.643,0.713] | [0.517,0.582] | [0.592,0.775] | [0.598,0.723] | ||||||
Africa, Asia, Latin America | 0.770*** | 0.519*** | 0.357*** | 0.544*** | 0.634*** | |||||
[0.748,0.793] | [0.496,0.544] | [0.337,0.378] | [0.481,0.616] | [0.584,0.689] | ||||||
Age at birth | 0.968*** | 0.901*** | 1.021 | 0.911*** | 0.948* | |||||
[0.954,0.983] | [0.883,0.921] | [0.997,1.046] | [0.865,0.959] | [0.911,0.988] | ||||||
Age at birth squared | 1.001*** | 1.002*** | 1.000* | 1.002*** | 1.000 | |||||
[1.001,1.001] | [1.001,1.002] | [0.999,1.000] | [1.001,1.003] | [1.000,1.001] | ||||||
Child age | 1.152*** | 1.099*** | 0.990 | 1.425*** | 1.149*** | |||||
[1.138,1.165] | [1.082,1.117] | [0.974,1.007] | [1.356,1.498] | [1.116,1.183] | ||||||
Child sex, boys (ref.) | 0.998*** | 0.996*** | 1.001 | 0.986*** | 1.000 | |||||
[0.996,0.999] | [0.995,0.998] | [0.999,1.003] | [0.981,0.990] | [0.997,1.003] | ||||||
Girls | 1.003 | 0.938*** | 0.965* | 0.968 | 0.999 | |||||
[0.985,1.021] | [0.914,0.963] | [0.939,0.992] | [0.903,1.038] | [0.955,1.045] | ||||||
n (person-years) | 1,594,900 | 1,490,196 | 1,594,900 | 1,490,196 | 1,594,900 | 1,490,196 | 1,594,900 | 1,490,196 | 1,594,900 | 1,490,196 |
AIC | 453670.3 | 414069.0 | 250249.4 | 229657.8 | 228989.0 | 212674.4 | 46785.0 | 43345.6 | 97838.5 | 91294.8 |
BIC | 453707.1 | 414349.9 | 250286.3 | 229938.7 | 229025.8 | 212955.3 | 46821.9 | 43626.5 | 97875.3 | 91575.8 |