Background
Materials and methods
Data source
Study variables
Dependent variable
Explanatory variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Background characteristics of women and the utilization of LARC in Ghana
Variable | Frequency (n = 5116) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Sexual Empowerment | ||
Low | 129 | 2.52 |
Medium | 4658 | 91.05 |
High | 329 | 6.43 |
Total | ||
Age | ||
15–19 | 100 | 1.96 |
20–24 | 585 | 11.44 |
25–29 | 1014 | 19.82 |
30–34 | 1040 | 20.34 |
35–39 | 1013 | 19.80 |
40–44 | 777 | 15.18 |
45–49 | 587 | 11.46 |
Total | ||
Level of education | ||
No education | 1389 | 27.15 |
Primary | 936 | 18.30 |
Secondary or higher | 2791 | 54.55 |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 2563 | 50.09 |
Rural | 2553 | 49.91 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 3803 | 74.34 |
Cohabiting | 1313 | 25.66 |
Occupation | ||
Not working | 650 | 12.70 |
Working | 4466 | 87.30 |
Wealth index | ||
Poorest | 942 | 18.42 |
Poorer | 932 | 18.22 |
Middle | 979 | 19.14 |
Richer | 1068 | 20.87 |
Richest | 1195 | 23.35 |
Health decision maker | ||
Respondent alone | 1413 | 27.61 |
Respondent and someone | 2567 | 50.18 |
Partner alone | 1136 | 22.21 |
Parity | ||
Zero birth | 327 | 6.39 |
One birth | 749 | 14.65 |
Two births | 922 | 18.01 |
Three births | 912 | 17.82 |
Four births or more | 2206 | 43.13 |
Religion | ||
Christian | 3964 | 77.47 |
Islam | 853 | 16.67 |
Traditionalist | 133 | 2.59 |
No religion | 167 | 3.27 |
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||
Not at all | 4441 | 86.80 |
Less than once a week | 675 | 13.20 |
Frequency of listening to radio | ||
Not at all | 777 | 15.18 |
Less than once a week | 4339 | 84.82 |
Frequency of watching television | ||
Not at all | 1339 | 26.17 |
Less than once a week | 3777 | 73.83 |
Socio-demographic characteristics | Type of Contraceptive | X2; p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Other Methods n (%) | LARC n (%) | ||
Sexual Empowerment | |||
Low | 127 (93.38) | 9 (6.62) | X2 = 1.1043; p = 0.576 |
Medium | 4325 (94.10) | 271 (5.90) | |
High | 366 (95.31) | 18 (4.69) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Age | |||
15–19 | 108 (94.74) | 6 (5.26) | X2 = 7.62; p = 0.267 |
20–24 | 588 (94.23) | 36 (5.77) | |
25–29 | 957 (93.55) | 66 (6.45) | |
30–34 | 933 (92.84) | 72 (7.16) | |
35–39 | 933 (94.53) | 54 (5.47) | |
40–44 | 737 (95.10) | 38 (4.90) | |
45–49 | 562 (95.58) | 26 (4.42) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Level of education | |||
No education | 1657 (95.28) | 82 (4.72) | X2 = 9.0002; p = 0.011 |
Primary | 899 (92.49) | 73 (7.51) | |
Secondary or higher | 2262 (94.05) | 143 (5.95) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Place of residence | |||
Urban | 2206 (95.09) | 114 (4.91) | X2 = 6.423; p = 0.011 |
Rural | 2612 (93.42) | 184 (6.58) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 3728 (94.36) | 223 (5.64) | X2 = 1.0330; p = 0.309 |
Cohabiting | 1090 (93.56) | 75 (6.44) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Occupation | |||
Not working | 645 (95.70) | 29 (4.30) | X2 = 3.279; p = 0.070 |
Working | 4173 (93.94) | 298 (6.06) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Wealth status | |||
Poorest | 1331 (94.53) | 77 (5.47) | X2 = 8.4877; p = 0.075 |
Poorer | 928 (92.80) | 72 (7.20) | |
Middle | 904 (93.39) | 64 (6.61) | |
Richer | 844 (94.62) | 48 (5.38) | |
Richest | 811 (95.64) | 37 (4.36) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Health decision maker | |||
Respondent alone | 1206 (95.56) | 56 (4.44) | X2 = 15.7072; p = 0.000 |
Respondent and someone | 2552 (92.97) | 193 (7.03) | |
Partner alone | 1060 (95.58) | 49 (4.42) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Parity | |||
Zero birth | 282 (98.26) | 5 (1.74) | X2 = 25.4123; p = 0.000 |
One birth | 728 (96.81) | 24 (3.19) | |
Two births | 845 (94.31) | 51 (5.69) | |
Three births | 807 (93.84) | 53 (6.16) | |
Four births or more | 2156 (92.89) | 165 (7.11) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Religion | |||
Christian | 3470 (93.20) | 253 (6.80) | X2 = 24.7936; p = 0.000 |
Islam | 1006 (93.20) | 253 (6.80) | |
Traditionalist | 158 (98.55) | 36 (3.45) | |
No religion | 184 (96.34) | 7 (3.66) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | |||
Not at all | 4290 (94.14) | 267 (5.86) | X2 = 0.0892; p = 0.765 |
Less than once a week | 528 (94.45) | 31 (5.55) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Frequency of listening to radio | |||
Not at all | 807 (94.50) | 47 (5.50) | X2 = 0.1930; p = 0.660 |
Less than once a week | 4011 (94.11) | 251 (5.89) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 | |
Frequency of watching television | |||
Not at all | 1602 (94.18) | 99 (5.82) | X2 = 0.0001; p = 0.992 |
Less than once a week | 3216 (94.17) | 199 (5.83) | |
Total | 4818 | 298 |
Association between women’s sexual empowerment and utilization of LARC
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Sexual Empowerment | ||
Low | Ref | Ref |
Medium | 0.88 [0.44–1.77] | 0.81 [0.40–1.63] |
High | 0.69 [0.30–1.58] | 0.62 [0.27–1.43] |
Age | ||
15–19 | Ref | |
20–24 | 0.75 [0.30–1.88] | |
25–29 | 0.56 [0.27–1.42] | |
30–34 | 0.45 [0.17–1.15] | |
35–39 | 0.29** [0.11–0.76] | |
40–44 | 0.23** [0.09–0.64] | |
45–49 | 0.22** [0.08–0.60] | |
Level of education | ||
No education | Ref | |
Primary | 1.36 [0.96–1.94] | |
Secondary or higher | 1.25 [0.88–1.77] | |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | Ref | |
Rural | 1.06 [0.76–1.48] | |
Marital status | ||
Married | Ref | |
Cohabiting | 1.04 [0.77–1.40] | |
Occupation | ||
Not working | Ref | |
Working | 1.46 [0.97–2.21] | |
Wealth status | ||
Poorest | Ref | |
Poorer | 1.07 [0.74–1.53] | |
Middle | 1.04 [0.68–1.58] | |
Richer | 0.97 [0.58–1.61] | |
Richest | 0.82 [0.45–1.49] | |
Health decision maker | ||
Respondent alone | Ref | |
Respondent and someone | 1.52** [1.12–2.09] | |
Partner alone | 1.11 [0.74–1.66] | |
Parity | ||
Zero birth | Ref | |
One birth | 1.92 [0.72–5.11] | |
Two births | 4.11** [1.61–10.57] | |
Three births | 5.15** [1.97–13.44] | |
Four births or more | 9.31*** [3.55–24.39] | |
Religion | ||
Christian | Ref | |
Islam | 0.52** [0.36–0.76] | |
Traditionalist | 0.17* [0.04–0.71] | |
No religion | 0.49 [0.23–1.08] | |
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||
Not at all | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 1.17 [0.76–1.78] | |
Frequency of listening to radio | ||
Not at all | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 0.97 [0.69–1.36] | |
Frequency of watching television | ||
Not at all | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 1.17 [0.85–1.61] |